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The benchmark measure of transformational leadership

Bernard M. Bass & Bruce J. Avolio

Overview * Assessment Scales * MLQ for Consultants * MLQ for Researchers

The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ—also known as MLQ 5X short and the standard MLQ) measures a broad range of leadership types from passive leaders, to leaders who give contingent rewards to followers, to leaders who transform their followers into becoming leaders themselves. The MLQ identifies the characteristics of a transformational leader and helps individuals discover how they measure up in their own eyes and in the eyes of those with whom they work. The program described in the Full Range Leadership Training Binder provides a solid base for leadership training. Success can be measured through a retesting program to track changes in leadership style.

Overview

• Measures, explains and demonstrates to individuals the key factors that set truly exceptional leaders apart from marginal ones
• Differentiates effective and ineffective leaders at all organizational levels
• Assesses the effectiveness of an entire organization's leadership
• Valid across cultures and types of organizations
• Easy to administer, requires 15 minutes to complete
• Extensively researched and validated
• The MLQ provides the best relationship of survey data to organizational outcome
• The MLQ has become the benchmark measure of Transformational Leadership
• Web based with a comprehensive development report

If you are a consultant or doing individual development work with the MLQ, please see our consultant MLQ services which are designed for your needs.

If you are a researcher or student, please see the MLQ for survey research.

Translations of this instrument are available. For a complete list of translations, along with more details on our translation policy, please visit our translations index page.

Assessment Scales

The MLQ offers a full range of assessment of leadership behaviors:

Transformational Leadership

• Idealized Attributes
• Idealized Behaviors
• Inspirational Motivation
• Intellectual Stimulation
• Individualized Consideration

Transactional Leadership

• Contingent Reward
• Management-by-Exception (Active)

Passive/Avoidant

• Management-by-Exception (Passive)
• Laissez-faire

Outcomes of Leadership

• Extra Effort
• Effectiveness
• Satisfaction

There is a demonstration of the Full Range Leadership Model on the website of Mind Garden's Australian Distributor, MLQ Pty Ltd.

Note: The MLQ is provided in both self and rater forms. The self form measures self perception of leadership behaviors. The rater form is used to measure leadership. An explanation is on the FAQ page.

Example Items and Scale for the Rater Form

Example:  This questionnaire describes the leadership style of the above-mentioned individual as you perceive it. Please answer all items on this answer sheet. If an item is irrelevant, or if you are unsure or do not know the answer, leave the answer blank. Please answer this questionnaire anonymously.

Forty-five descriptive statements are listed on the following pages. Judge how frequently each statement fits the person you are describing. Use the following rating scale:

0	1	2	3	4
Not At All	Once in a While	Sometimes	Fairly Often	Frequently, if not always

1.	Talks optimistically about the future	0	1	2	3	4
2.	Spends time teaching and coaching	0	1	2	3	4
3.	Avoids making decisions	0	1	2	3	4

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ABOUT THE MLQ

"A variety of studies have shown the MLQ to be effective...[in] settings as diverse as savings banks, community action agencies, offshore oil platforms, the United States Army, Chinese state-run industry, and the Israel Defense Force infantry."

--Edward Hoffman, Psychological Testing at Work, 2002.

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT CORRECTS COPYRIGHT VIOLATION

The Academy of Management Journal improperly published excerpts of a Mind Garden instrument. In July, the AMJ issued a letter to its members clarifying the copyright violation of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in the print edition of its Volume 51, Number Three issue.  The MLQ is co-authored by Bruce Avolio.  The letter to all Academy members, notes that "Although providing actual items from a given publication is most often desirable, copyright permission is necessary to do so." The letter is available here in its entirety.

RELATED PRODUCTS

For Researchers:
The MLQ for Research Sampler Set

For Consultants:
The MLQ for Consultants

References on Leadership

Collected by Mind Garden

Resource Consultants on Leadership

Recommended by Mind Garden

REFERENCES

MLQ predicts leadership in battlefield simulations: "Leadership Styles That Use Rewards and Shared Values Help Platoons Perform Well in Simulated Combat Situations"- APA, 3/26/03.

About co-author Bruce Avolio, Professor of Business Administration, University of Nebraska and Director of the Gallup Leadership Institute

About co-author Bernard M. Bass, Bernie was one of the great psychologists. During his career, he published more than 400 journal articles, book chapters, and technical reports, and 21 authored books and 10 edited books. His Handbook of Leadership is the standard reference in the field.

 

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